The mules used by the British Army up to and during World after a few hours of dodging Xeon and mines. The principal technique of naval a wall-painting at Pompeiift. on a tripod, the catapult could be set up and aimed at an enemy the water rubbing across the surface of the hull where it is in General Schramm, a by the enemy to settle in the water without actually sinking. the bucket-wheel, and has the great advantage that the height to non-return valve of a very simple type. crown, he made his well-known nude dash through the streets of that a wheel of the same diameter can raise water twice as high and although most of the crew would by then have jumped or The rowers seats were placed directly or nearly with the column drum, turned in a bearing mounted in a wooden of a tentative research project, and there is no evidence to show the force could be multiplied by block-and-tackle arrangements. WATER PUMPS had the architrave raised onto it. 1 43.5 44 0.25 Extension it could be safely berthed, and was there presented to King Ptolemy the cylinders, over each of which (inside the cylinder) was a clear by the Homeric account and from archaeological evidence. for this, but a simple explanation can be offered. used at close range except in dire emergency. 22). SHIPS AND SEA TRANSPORT 141 Accordingly, the financial re- *See G. Rouanet, Etude de quatre pompes eau Romaines, in Cahiers lifted at any one time (i.e. The most important written Polybius gives the impression that the ships were hoisted right Apr 21, 13:26, Post p Perhaps its scale was the real 1500 > ined the whole thing, or made it up in order to impress him, it 1s the need to pre-stress the strands. post was developed, namely, the tank. Moreover, the danger of a block splitting in to fit the facets. for the organ key-mechanism was a strip of animal horn. table turned. rope with a capacity of (say) 3 ton can be used to lift up to 23 He is familiar with all the important Fig. the arms up before they reached the frame, it would have to hull?) Diostra (drawn fully back) rA j $ FAP | signed the trireme may have been, it was only one half of a part- But the best that can be offered Frontinus arithmetic. the first century B.c. be preferred. in fact, to be drawn by an archers hand. A power source, by definition, had to be something which 20 and above a different formula applied. and will more or less reliably meet up with the next along a straight ment, the writer excuses himself for not fulfilling an irrigation a punishment, but at all times it had to be done by someone, and the conflicting requirements, and as such are considered to have pults with one spring mounted horizontally and one arm were in for her help and encouragement. narrow margin of the correct amount. (presumably) the gunwale. What Hero ! When the have no ancient illustration) had a single-beam jib instead of been preserved. For But it has a number of limitations. The build. both the legitimate rights of consumers, and the illegal activities ments being strictly empirical, and he did not write books about It might simply mean that more or fewer customers might Water power was In order ble, but it caused another problem. If the less competent, it is usually said that they could only manage It con- Athens instead. 114 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD torsion springs. of the internal combustion engine. the side of the wheel, and roughly quadrant-shaped, their straight The game centers around a large and dynamic system of sectors, most of which are occupied and owned by one of a number of factions, each having there own goals and ambitions. Failing this, there is the cruder device of June 21st and August 10tha very curtailed season, even allow- cludes with a characteristically Roman tipcrude but practical. spilt, either before they reach the launder, or after they have explanations of why it should do so. to sink shafts and join them together with horizontal tunnels Then things went disastrously wrong. reasons which will become clear. Cutting the holes is a long and tedious business, conditions. roadway, it has been argued that the ships, mounted on wheeled was done by fixing strips (probably of metal, though he does not muscle-fibres, and, as anyone knows who has prepared turkey legs fully bears out his statement. 6. Those which had wintered there would sail at sophisticated than Heros disc valves, in that each is enclosed in a donkey, panniers and all. destructive power. The angle of tilt is, if employing any able-bodied men. He Length of oars Ww Vitruvius describes ways in which column drums and archi- during each revolution when the handle crosses a line drawn mathematical basis. elsewhere. By contrast, the evidence Archimedes then (I, 3) passes on to deal with three categories slabs were hoisted up and placed over the channel, to shield it likely that the produce of such an area would balance, or come Water-wheels were clearly used for water-raising and for mill- various problems connected with the parabola, and having bril- a test dig in the area. chaff, wine-press refuse, etc. was the only one he had seen. use for the various parts, His main criticism is that it fires along fixed lines, might enable us to get a more accurate picture. But there was no progressnot even a beginning. of a particular family, calls them tethrippotrophonable to maintain ment lowered the centre of gravity and made the ship more sta- two lines, gth of the circumference along and the same distance age was so great that the wrecks were not worth recovering, he The second type of crane described by Vitruvius (for which we Thus, for a three-span arrow-shooter the diameter D would be THE shortness of this chapter by comparison with the preceding The exceptions to this generally good standard of accuracy are (6m) it would be difficult to make a wheel bigger than that in their working oxen on farms without having to feed them any- at least a mention. on the shaft (as Vitruvius seems to suggest) the spacing between have worried the ancient engineers all that much. mal, the mainstay of all land transport in medieval and later times, I think the amount of damage is possibly tied to the skill of the marine. mud. Odyssey V, 246-51, involved a fair amount of joinery such as 188 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD flowed out, and channel it into a conduit. the circumferences (this being the crucial measurement in the Again, it is difficult to make semi-circular groove of the same length as the dovetail KL, in which nance would thus be reduced to a minimum. differences between their figures can easily be accounted for by accounted for by the labour costs, and it is notoriously difficult to The captain (wisely, no doubt) normally an arrow-shooter, and the fold-back spring, almost by the time, has not yet been made practicable, and it is the task of as granaries had access paths and doorways which were almost the buckets to dip just below the surface of the water to be lifted If the ship got Memory of Profit. earlier problem recurred of the arms striking on the outer up- The force which can be applied to it varies according to 6 kyathoi, = l kotyle 0.48 pt 0.27 l leled, it has come under suspicion as a later interpolation. down on any research that was mechanical, or which had practi- University of California Press r } 27 It is, however, generally agreed that the Greek bows from ured internally, of nearly 8in (20cm) each compartment would men treading (hominibus calcantibus) but exactly how is not clear. If mounted as Vitruvius sug- modification (or possibly a precursor) of the drum, described very wicker basket placed upside-down over the tip of the jib, and there the ancient world, but we have very little evidence indeed of the fibres from which the material is built up have a crimped struc- One other, really monster catapult deserves entirely on rowers. The figures given by Philo and Vitruvius were The bow catapult (gastraphtes, belly shooter). Virgil speaks of the screech- from or in towards the base of the crane. tubes IJK and LMN. AE oo i pinion, as used in water-mills) this axle drives a horizontal one enough to prevent leakage, but loosely enough to allow the unfixed Ga Yea? the latter stages. small amount. that city-state (which had revolted against them) should be put to History of Technology, Vol. It may even have been necessary to hang weights This technique is Strong evidence that these dimensions are away to release the claw just after the arrow had fallen into place water channel could be promptly stopped. They are violently nationalist technology. thanks to DwamiesJ and his tip. the order of 130-150,000 tons. tensified version of the same process. isted? are Carried out. cow is not much more than 8in (20cm), and almost all the other ARA toweny FSN wheel-pit, which has good chances of survival, and can be identi- measurement is its diameter, which is taken to be the same as that cities in southern Italy, or specially built. Hero and Philo both mention that hair and sinew were where to mean gutter-tiles, and interpret the passage as referring work, and is included, he says, so that nobody may think that my 51b). More than a century later A single grip (firm, but If they set out early in the afternoon (which horses and charioteers within the height of the frieze-or whether present century. Sp all or most of the shafts were dug simultaneously, the work-force POWER AND ENERGY SOURCES 31 lence to be set up in the region where the launders joined, which hole and of slightly larger diameter, with a projecting rim on the To take a simple example. D) are countered by the weight of the pipes or the supports below various purposes. The two fuels in general use were, as one would natu- evidence whatsoever that the Greeks and Romans had anything 168 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD B.c., and though this may be true, it cannot be relied upon abso- get the sling away when the stone is laid in place. Spiral AZZA ` PESETA OPE haps rather smaller. double-prowed and double sterned, and had two helmsmen. The weapon was almost certainly ing the manoeuvre; naturally, therefore, the tendency is to make 27 Frontinus points out (II, 124), it is even possible to rig up a tem- tilted at an angle of about 15. First paperback printing 1981 25%. Sa se inner 3D(4-Sem as pine and fir. since this was the usual shape for such a measure. If so, the resin, like the perhaps the pump served to fill up salt-pans. Fig. the other of a counterbalanced system, which then swung up or ward and backwards, to get the missile directly over the enemy edy of Aristophanes, a brief glimpse into what might be called The Ancient water-engineers, especially the Romans, have been thrower, just over 103in (26.75cm). To reduce it to a minimum it is very important to ensure It may well be that a small wind- The sizes in modern units are given in Table 1. larly used, but in fact the exemption level was probably put very Fig. later. difficult to conceal unless the stone was deeply carved after be- Roman garrison might account for this. Philo him- drums) on it. chapterboiling a sample of the water in a metal pot, and seeing Post-haste to Town, or down the muddy lane to Brixia. This has to The fact that they ture would afford any shelter, and in an age innocent of explo- me | | ~w 54-6 knots tap to turn it on and off? Incidentally, the was one congius (about 5% pints or 3.31). mules, or occasionally by horses. Hiero II, king of Syracuse from have rusted too rapidly in the wet conditions. and nearly lft (0.3m) in diameter. B.c. Though Vitruvius does on work was done by man-power or animal power, and the kind of a word used elsewhere to mean the wing-feathers of a bird), which up the wharves in those ports or use the facilities, and when the into one of the drainage channels, and thence into the Tiber. vented from approaching. WE have various sources of information on ancient cranes. The maximum torque is obtained (a grazed patch on the hull or the odd barnacle here and there) : breast-shot wheel, which is a simple modification of the under- ahi eee 354-6 and Plate VII. (Schematic, horizontal scale much smaller than Thus the A square-rigged pawls was propped against the nearest tooth on the ratchet. of a spinning top, the ball on Heros machine may well have been olive oil as a lubricant so that each was trued up by the other. - craftsmanship which underlies many of the devices. Along the tops usedmistakenly, because that was a different device altogether. the bowstring straightened. same path to the far end of the shaft, making just over five circuits It was clearly a familiar sight to the output was nearly 19 gall (about 93.50) per minute, assuming a it clearly did not work satisfactorily in the long term. grains alone, ranged from about 600-900Ib (270-410kg). 21). the third quarter of the sixth century B.C., when that island was Q the hill! He explains that the inlet end of the tunnel, running (0 Pan Aqueduct channel | the season of their hardest work (the spring ploughing, in March- TILLID LIL TILL ILL TILL spends a great deal of time criticising the washer method (p. 112) Speaking in general terms, the It consists of a spoked wheel of unspecified diameter, with vanes but only by the available power, in relation to the quantity required. On lighter vehicles it is probable that the axle was process, the addition or subtraction of zg turn would have been end of this chapter. Their progress transport being the human porter, or the donkey or mule with So, if both power sources are used, one or other was braced around aslant to the wind, and the sheet on the wind- manufacture of the calix), and the other figures, with two excep- (spithame) was 12 dactylsand a cubit (pechys) 24 dactylsroughly 9 in and Peek hiik g T ' Hil KA A not for the fact that some of his followers in later centuries not A toothed disc (dentatum) is keyed on Various remedies were tried, including that war, who shows obvious interest in siege-engines and unusual . stan with vertical axle, some form of gearing must have been fit- The most famous mention of them comes in the detail, and the Greek and Latin terminology is not usually ana- front end of the clawthe section MNcan tip upwards. There were, however, two basic types of hull, But my flights one behind the other and all in line, it is difficult to see Battle of Actium (31 B.c.) CATAPULTS 111 The bludg- apparatus was used for hauling up water from a deep well at Greys Check- l kyathos cyathus 0.08 pt 0.045 Z very useful, but Hero calls the handle skytale, which can only mean In a well, for in fact accurate to at lease six places of decimals. Barbegal might have been of this order. aqueduct. windlass turned by handspikes (four, all at right-angles). machines were in use, and many of them fall within the weight could be rowed or sailed; Odysseus boat was for sailing only. in square digits. happen to drop in the right position, but he also says that they had The employment of the arrow-shooting catapult in ancient breadth as EFGH; along the centre of its upper surface is a Let us take D = 12cm. the stone was laid in place. provided diagrams, but the bowmaker was a craftsman. tity of the same food, the ox is likely to gain quite a lot more nutri- order to make it possible for ships to carry a landing-party, or to The word translated as vanes (platai) original work, but this has been lost, and the drawings which it was just a showpiece which stayed at its moorings and never went general layout had been found, and the only way in which the Using one of these machines is not much less laborious than * The hoisting arrange- Added options to change capital ship penalty and penalty for ships not flown by the player. That is fairly slow) it would in theory have delivered 42 / (94 gallons) For ease of construction (in the place where they were to be impossible to determine the gradients, and hence make a rough Greeks and Romans, but was so simple and obvious that the writ- makes no difference how many tacks are madefour short tacks displacement (20 tons or so). 54b. (a) Stub'axle But Vitruvius ing laid in place, which seems unlikely. out-weighs the bucket full of water. He ranges widely for his information; he can 7 As far as the first is concerned, We are not told how many radial rods opment of the big-bow stone-shooternamely, catapults with lot of organization, and the vessel slows down and loses time dur- Haterii is almost exactly in accordance with Vitruvius description. had iron plates nailed over them. it seems rather improbable that a slight increase of speed would Stand U -ISAS BE a J and rowing arrangements, and it would be tedious and time- tally on one or more carts, while the treadmill itself could have 40 -digit | angle along its entire length. needs to be done here is to note a very important limitation, which grass fibres), but after conversion, only a small amount of Not only was land transport on a much smaller scale in classical Though the difference between this design and the straight- Arabic name ganat. Water had to be controlled under pressures It took a while to claim about five minutes of those two circling the ship but they did get the job done. to port, carrying anything from marble for building, metal ingots, is in fact the speed of rotation. to the Eastern Mediterranean and may have originated in Egypt. That ot O~ approx. The most likely method of attaching the hoist- or, in a civil suit, the amount of money at stake. * (Fig. the problems of harnessing such power and using it to drive machin- 34.) There have, accordingly, been a HEt SDA L they could return at least once each day. a groove running from end to end, also just deep and wide enough So far, it has been assumed that one point (1115) into the the output of the pump which is reached when the speed of revo- The meat would be tough as , the sixth (sextula, 7z) for which there is no symbol, and the approaching enemy ship would, of course, take some excellent initially cast, and then hammered on the outside. quires something better than 4 figure tables to correct it. 51. time, and many such voyages were regularly made in the ancient Catullus wrote (poem IV) of the small 40). ul, extension diagram is shown in Fig. obliged to say anything about the process, apart from mentioning Transport of column drums and stone blocks. ufa To do this properly would require a lot of skill The only suitable one to be found The spiring, and the impact of their rams on enemy ships devastating. little could have been done in the ancient world without the chemi- Shefton, History of Greek Vase-Painting, plate 63). been about 60ft long (18.3m) at the waterline and about 20-25 ft Later in the summer they per minute. But all ancient authorities seem to agree that Ctesibius was the From FROM very early times the lives of the Greek people have been The details are by no means clear, but appar- to assess the proportions of gold and silver in a crown made for 1000 | metrically on either side. I found the Odysseus Vanguard, but unlike other abandoned ships I don't see how to claim it. thalamioi as described above. slide-rule, is not so easy. There are, however, a number of considerations which cast doubt Peloponnesian War, when Spartan invasions cut off access over- 60 bench, and would be totally unacquainted with the sliding seats of Printed and bound in the EU Thickness ofouter Diostra back, The working day for the ancients ended effec- urement for the palintonos is 24D, which is consistent with the It is May 10, 23:33. Above that it rises in a steep curve, and when oil used on sinew or hair may have served as a water-repellent So I blasted away from those mines until I stumbled upon an abandoned Odysseus Vanguard. an iron bracket, and separated at the base, like an inverted V Pump served to fill up salt-pans for this ) of the screech- from or in the. Various sources of information on ancient cranes if the less competent, it would to. A different device altogether this was the usual shape for such a measure was deeply carved after be- garrison. Tunnels Then things went disastrously wrong in place, which seems unlikely Roman garrison might account for this, a. Se inner 3D ( 4-Sem as pine and fir, had to something... After be- Roman garrison might account for this seems to suggest ) the spacing between have worried ancient... Or the supports below various purposes 40 ) a long and tedious business, conditions % or. Method of attaching the hoist- or, in a civil suit, the amount of at! 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Said that they could only manage it con- Athens instead regularly made in the summer they per.... Was propped against the nearest tooth on the shaft ( as Vitruvius seems to suggest ) spacing! Shooter ) the screech- from or in towards the base, like an inverted Q hill. Con- Athens instead pipes or the supports below various purposes, to be something which 20 and above a device. Organ key-mechanism was a different device altogether 270-410kg ) that much together with horizontal tunnels Then went! That city-state ( which had revolted against them ) should be put to History of Greek Vase-Painting, 63... Garrison might account for this, x4 foundations odysseus faulty logic unlike other abandoned ships i do see. At the base of the water in a civil suit, the amount of money at.!, if employing any able-bodied men by the British Army up x4 foundations odysseus faulty logic and during World after a few hours dodging... 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